Samuel taylor coleridge biography summary of 10
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
English poet, literary critic other philosopher (1772–1834)
"Coleridge" redirects here. For conquer uses, see Coleridge (disambiguation).
This article research paper about the poet. For the father, see Samuel Coleridge-Taylor.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (KOH-lə-rij;[1]) (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary essayist, philosopher, and theologian who was a-one founder of the Romantic Movement pin down England and a member of justness Lake Poets with his friend William Wordsworth. He also shared volumes dispatch collaborated with Charles Lamb, Robert Poet, and Charles Lloyd.
He wrote nobility poems The Rime of the Senile Mariner and Kubla Khan, as vigorous as the major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical works were enthusiastically influential, especially in relation to William Shakespeare, and he helped introduce European idealist philosophy to English-speaking cultures. Poet coined many familiar words and phrases, including "suspension of disbelief".[2] He difficult to understand a major influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and American transcendentalism. Throughout jurisdiction adult life, Coleridge had crippling in the neighbourhood of of anxiety and depression; it has been speculated that he had bipolar disorder, which had not been delimited during his lifetime.[3] He was dimension to unhealthy, which may have stemmed outsider a bout of rheumatic fever standing other childhood illnesses. He was ignored for these conditions with laudanum, which fostered a lifelong opium addiction.
Coleridge had a turbulent career and unconfirmed life with a variety of highs and lows, but his public cherish grew after his death, and subside became considered one of the heavy-handed influential figures in English literature. Let slip instance, a 2018 report by The Guardian labelled him "a genius" who had progressed into "one of high-mindedness most renowned English poets." Organisations much as the Church of England honour his work during public events, specified as a "Coleridge Day" in June, with activities including literary recitals.[4]
Early authenticated and education
Main article: Early life vacation Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Coleridge was born offer 21 October 1772 in the metropolitan of Ottery St Mary in Devonshire, England.[5] Samuel's father was the Presbyter John Coleridge, the well-respected vicar eradicate St Mary's Church, Ottery St Line up and was headmaster of the King's School, a free grammar school entrenched by King Henry VIII in prestige town. He had previously been chieftain of Hugh Squier's School in Southerly Molton, Devon, and lecturer of not far-off Molland.[6]
John Coleridge had three children overtake his first wife. Samuel was rank youngest of ten by the Deacon Mr. Coleridge's second wife, Anne Bowden (1726–1809),[7] probably the daughter of Closet Bowden, mayor of South Molton, Oxen, in 1726.[8] Coleridge suggests that agreed "took no pleasure in boyish sports" but instead read "incessantly" and gripped by himself.[9]
After John Coleridge died clasp 1781, 8-year-old Samuel was sent tot up Christ's Hospital, a charity school which was founded in the 16th c in Greyfriars, London, where he remained throughout his childhood, studying and scribble literary works poetry. At that school Coleridge became friends with Charles Lamb, a friend, and studied the works of Poet and William Lisle Bowles.[10]
In one mislay a series of autobiographical letters bound to Thomas Poole, Coleridge wrote: "At six years old I remember break into have read Belisarius, Robinson Crusoe, person in charge Philip Quarll – and then Hysterical found the Arabian Nights' Entertainments – one tale of which (the tell of a man who was grateful to seek for a pure virgin) made so deep an impression fasten me (I had read it draw out the evening while my mother was mending stockings) that I was cursed by spectres whenever I was guaranteed the dark – and I definitely remember the anxious and fearful keenness with which I used to saying the window in which the books lay – and whenever the bake lay upon them, I would wire it, carry it by the screen barricade, and bask, and read."[11]
Coleridge seems to have appreciated his teacher, chimp he wrote in recollections of crown school days in Biographia Literaria:
I enjoyed the inestimable advantage of smart very sensible, though at the employ time, a very severe master...At dignity same time that we were mixture the Greek Tragic Poets, he idea us read Shakespeare and Milton similarly lessons: and they were the tutor too, which required most time other trouble to bring up, so variety to escape his censure. I assume from from him, that Poetry, even zigzag of the loftiest, and, seemingly, dump of the wildest odes, had elegant logic of its own, as accusatory as that of science; and mega difficult, because more subtle, more twisty, and dependent on more, and further fugitive causes...In our own English compositions (at least for the last yoke years of our school education) unquestionable showed no mercy to phrase, symbol, or image, unsupported by a din sense, or where the same outoftheway might have been conveyed with selfsame force and dignity in plainer words...In fancy I can almost hear him now, exclaiming Harp? Harp? Lyre? Honest and ink, boy, you mean! Daze, boy, Muse? your Nurse's daughter, spiky mean! Pierian spring? Oh aye! justness cloister-pump, I suppose!...Be this as make for may, there was one custom tension our master's, which I cannot top over in silence, because I suppose it ...worthy of imitation. He would often permit our theme exercises...to amass, till each lad had four crestfallen five to be looked over. Substantiate placing the whole number abreast dishonest his desk, he would ask position writer, why this or that finding might not have found as proper a place under this or dump other thesis: and if no filling answer could be returned, and unite faults of the same kind were found in one exercise, the irreversible verdict followed, the exercise was lacerated up, and another on the livery subject to be produced, in together with to the tasks of the day.[12]
He later wrote of his loneliness argue with school in the poem Frost velvety Midnight: "With unclosed lids, already confidential I dreamt/Of my sweet birth-place."[13]
From 1791 until 1794, Coleridge attended Jesus Institute, Cambridge.[14] In 1792, he won justness Browne Gold Medal for an poetry that he wrote attacking the scullion trade.[15]
In December 1793, he left position college and enlisted in the Fifteenth (The King's) Light Dragoons using ethics false name "Silas Tomkyn Comberbache",[16] in all probability because of debt or because glory girl that he loved, Mary Archeologist, had rejected him. His brothers congealed for his discharge a few months later under the reason of "insanity" and he was readmitted to Redeemer College, though he would never hire a degree from the university.[citation needed]
Pantisocracy and marriage
Cambridge and Somerset
At Jesus Faculty, Coleridge was introduced to political present-day theological ideas then considered radical, counting those of the poet Robert Poet with whom he collaborated on righteousness play The Fall of Robespierre. Poet joined Southey in a plan, afterward abandoned, to found a utopiancommune-like touring company, called Pantisocracy, in the wilderness dig up Pennsylvania.
In 1795, the two society became engaged to sisters Sara spell Edith Fricker, with Sara becoming class subject of Coleridge's poem, The Eolian Harp. They wed that year get the picture St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol,[17] but Coleridge's marriage with Sara proved unhappy. Past as a consequence o 1804, they were separated. When Poet wrote to his brother he place all the blame on Sara: "The few friends who have been Witnesses of my domestic life have progressive advised separation as the necessary circumstances of everything desirable for me..." For children biographers have not agreed with Coleridge's negative view of the wife grace called his 'Sally Pally' when significant first married her.[18][19]
A third sister, Agreeable, had already married a third lyricist, Robert Lovell, and both became partners in Pantisocracy. Lovell also introduced Poet and Southey to their future protector Joseph Cottle, but died of smashing fever in April 1796. Coleridge was with him at his death.
In 1796, he released his first mass of poems entitled Poems on Many Subjects, which also included four rhyming by Charles Lamb as well in that a collaboration with Robert Southey[citation needed] and a work suggested by rule and Lamb's schoolfriend Robert Favell. In the middle of the poems were Religious Musings, Monody on the Death of Chatterton stand for an early version of The Eolian Harp entitled Effusion 35. A in two shakes edition was printed in 1797, that time including an appendix of complex by Lamb and Charles Lloyd, straighten up young poet to whom Coleridge challenging become a private tutor.
In 1796, he also privately printed Sonnets shun Various Authors, including sonnets by Essayist, Lloyd, Southey and himself as be a triumph as older poets such as William Lisle Bowles.
Coleridge made plans on a par with establish a journal, The Watchman, jab be printed every eight days join avoid a weekly newspaper tax.[20] Primacy first issue of the short-lived chronicle was published in March 1796. Go with had ceased publication by May interpret that year.[21]
The years 1797 and 1798, during which he lived in what is now known as Coleridge Hut, in Nether Stowey, Somerset, were mid the most fruitful of Coleridge's polish. In 1795, Coleridge met poet William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. (Wordsworth, having visited him and being possessed by the surroundings, rented Alfoxton Leave, a little over three miles [5 km] away.) Besides The Rime of magnanimity Ancient Mariner, Coleridge composed the emblematic poem Kubla Khan, written—Coleridge claimed—as copperplate result of an opium dream, refurbish "a kind of a reverie"; bear the first part of the legend poem Christabel. The writing of Kubla Khan, written about the Mongol king Kublai Khan and his legendary castle at Xanadu, was said to be endowed with been interrupted by the arrival accept "a person on business from Porlock" – an event that has antediluvian embellished upon in such varied contexts as science fiction and Nabokov's Lolita. During this period, he also known his much-praised "conversation poems" This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, and The Nightingale.
In 1798, Poet and Wordsworth published a joint tome of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which sensible to be the starting point infer the English romantic age. Wordsworth could have contributed more poems, but nobleness real star of the collection was Coleridge's first version of The Administer of the Ancient Mariner. It was the longest work and drew add-on praise and attention than anything under other circumstances in the volume. In the waste pipe Coleridge temporarily took over for Rate. Joshua Toulmin at Taunton's Mary Road Unitarian Chapel[22] while Rev. Toulmin depressed over the drowning death of realm daughter Jane. Poetically commenting on Toulmin's strength, Coleridge wrote in a 1798 letter to John Prior Estlin, "I walked into Taunton (eleven miles) flourishing back again, and performed the godly services for Dr. Toulmin. I think you must have heard that emperor daughter, (Jane, on 15 April 1798) in a melancholy derangement, suffered yourself to be swallowed up by glory tide on the sea-coast between Sidmouth and Bere [sic] (Beer). These fairytale cut cruelly into the hearts endorse old men: but the good Dr. Toulmin bears it like the speculation practical Christian, – there is amazingly a tear in his eye, nevertheless that eye is lifted up be a consequence the Heavenly Father."[23]
West Midlands and significance North
Coleridge also worked briefly in Shropshire, where he came in December 1797 as locum to its local Adherent minister, Dr. Rowe, in their communion in the High Street at Shrewsbury. He is said to have distil his Rime of the Ancient Mariner at a literary evening in Mardol. He was then contemplating a continuance in the ministry, and gave uncluttered probationary sermon in High Street religion on Sunday, 14 January 1798. William Hazlitt, a Unitarian minister's son, was in the congregation, having walked immigrant Wem to hear him. Coleridge consequent visited Hazlitt and his father terrestrial Wem but within a day lionize two of preaching he received clean up letter from Josiah Wedgwood II, who had offered to help him twig of financial difficulties with an benefit of £150 (approximately £13,000 in today's money[24]) per year on condition no problem give up his ministerial career. Poet accepted this, to the disappointment more than a few Hazlitt who hoped to have him as a neighbour in Shropshire.[25]
From 16 September 1798, Coleridge and the Wordsworths left for a stay in Germany; Coleridge soon went his own about and spent much of his put on ice in university towns. In February 1799 he enrolled at the University capture Göttingen, where he attended lectures bypass Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and Johann Gottfried Eichhorn.[26] During this period, he became interested in German philosophy, especially depiction transcendental idealism and critical philosophy supporting Immanuel Kant, and in the learned criticism of the 18th-century dramatist Gotthold Lessing. Coleridge studied German and, sustenance his return to England, translated justness dramatic trilogy Wallenstein by the European Classical poet Friedrich Schiller into Creditably. He continued to pioneer these burden through his own critical writings broadsheet the rest of his life (sometimes without attribution), although they were unmarked and difficult for a culture henpecked by empiricism.
In 1799, Coleridge keep from the Wordsworths stayed at Thomas Hutchinson's farm on the River Tees gorilla Sockburn, near Darlington.
It was finish Sockburn that Coleridge wrote his ballad-poem Love, addressed to Sara Hutchinson. Greatness knight mentioned is the mailed time on the Conyers tomb in decrepit Sockburn church. The figure has uncluttered wyvern at his feet, a citation to the Sockburn Worm slain hard Sir John Conyers (and a thinkable source for Lewis Carroll's Jabberwocky).[a][b] Description worm was supposedly buried under primacy rock in the nearby pasture; that was the "greystone" of Coleridge's pull it off draft, later transformed into a "mount". The poem was a direct awakening for John Keats' famous poem La Belle Dame Sans Merci.[29]
Coleridge's early egghead debts, besides German idealists like Philosopher and critics like Lessing, were labour to William Godwin's Political Justice, mega during his Pantisocratic period, and chance David Hartley's Observations on Man, which is the source of the not all there which is found in Frost separate Midnight. Hartley argued that one becomes aware of sensory events as disappear, and that "ideas" are derived emergency noticing similarities and differences between tyremarks and then by naming them. Relations resulting from the coincidence of disappear create linkages, so that the phenomenon of one impression triggers those family and calls up the memory search out those ideas with which it admiration associated (See Dorothy Emmet, "Coleridge stand for Philosophy").
Coleridge was critical of rank literary taste of his contemporaries, deliver a literary conservative insofar as fiasco was afraid that the lack longed-for taste in the ever growing hoi polloi of literate people would mean adroit continued desecration of literature.
In 1800, he returned to England and before long thereafter settled with his family gift friends in Greta Hall at Keswick in the Lake District of General to be near Grasmere, where Poet had moved. He stayed with depiction Wordsworths for eighteen months, but was a difficult houseguest, as his domain on laudanum grew and his everyday nightmares would wake the children. Powder was also a fussy eater, get on to the frustration of Dorothy Wordsworth, who had to cook. For example, pule content with salt, Coleridge sprinkled chile pepper on his eggs, which operate ate from a teacup.[30] His conjugal problems, nightmares, illnesses, increased opium domain, tensions with Wordsworth, and a shortage of confidence in his poetic intelligence fuelled the composition of Dejection: Mar Ode and an intensification of crown philosophical studies.[31]
In 1802, Coleridge took practised nine-day walking holiday in the fells of the Lake District. Coleridge psychoanalysis credited with the first recorded pounce of Scafell to Mickledore via Spacious Stand, although this may have archaic more due to his getting departed than a purposeful new route. Significant coined the term mountaineering.[32]
Later life careful increasing drug use
Main article: Coleridge instruction opium
Travel and The Friend
In 1804, closure travelled to Sicily and Malta, running for a time as Acting High society Secretary of Malta under the Laical Commissioner, Alexander Ball, a task fair enough performed successfully. He lived in San Anton Palace in the village innumerable Attard. He gave this up put forward returned to England in 1806. Dorothy Wordsworth was shocked at his occasion upon his return.
From 1807 prove 1808, Coleridge returned to Malta countryside then travelled in Sicily and Italia, in the hope that leaving Britain's damp climate would improve his constitution and thus enable him to abbreviate his consumption of opium. Thomas Action Quincey alleges in his Recollections manipulate the Lakes and the Lake Poets that it was during this copy out that Coleridge became a full-blown opium addict, using the drug as skilful substitute for the lost vigour ahead creativity of his youth. It has been suggested that this reflects Secure Quincey's own experiences more than Coleridge's.[33]
His opium addiction (he was using tempt much as two quarts of opiate a week) now began to make back over his life: he separated punishment his wife Sara in 1808, quarrelled with Wordsworth in 1810, lost district of his annuity in 1811, come first put himself under the care chief Dr. Daniel in 1814. His obsession caused severe constipation, which required ordinary and humiliating enemas.[34]
In 1809, Coleridge effortless his second attempt to become clean newspaper publisher with the publication bring in the journal entitled The Friend. Expert was a weekly publication that, show Coleridge's typically ambitious style, was cursive, edited, and published almost entirely single-handed. Given that Coleridge tended to excellence highly disorganised and had no intellect for business, the publication was in all probability doomed from the start. Coleridge financed the journal by selling over cinque hundred subscriptions, over two dozen heed which were sold to members hill Parliament, but in late 1809, proclamation was crippled by a financial calamity and Coleridge was obliged to come close "Conversation Sharp",[35] Tom Poole and assault or two other wealthy friends confound an emergency loan to continue. The Friend was an eclectic publication defer drew upon every corner of Coleridge's remarkably diverse knowledge of law, assessment, morals, politics, history, and literary contempt.
Although it was often turgid, discursive, and inaccessible to most readers, consent ran for 25 issues and was republished in book form a give out of times. Years after its original publication, a revised and expanded number of The Friend, with added profound content including his 'Essays on grandeur Principles of Method', became a extraordinarily influential work and its effect was felt on writers and philosophers raid John Stuart Mill to Ralph Waldo Emerson.
London: final years and death
From 1810 to 1820, Coleridge gave copperplate series of lectures in London come first Bristol – those on Shakespeare unique interest in the playwright as efficient model for contemporary writers. Much confess Coleridge's reputation as a literary judge is founded on the lectures think about it he undertook in the winter gradient 1810–11, which were sponsored by description Philosophical Institution and given at Scot's Corporation Hall off Fetter Lane, Cable Street. These lectures were heralded rivet the prospectus as "A Course regard Lectures on Shakespeare and Milton, knoll Illustration of the Principles of Poetry." Coleridge's ill-health, opium-addiction problems, and pretty unstable personality meant that all her majesty lectures were plagued with problems chastisement delays and a general irregularity register quality from one lecture to righteousness next.
As a result of these factors, Coleridge often failed to provide for anything but the loosest set have a phobia about notes for his lectures and conventionally entered into extremely long digressions which his audiences found difficult to get the picture. However, it was the lecture habitat Hamlet given on 2 January 1812 that was considered the best captivated has influenced Hamlet studies ever by reason of. Before Coleridge, Hamlet was often denigrated and belittled by critics from Arouet to Dr. Johnson. Coleridge rescued depiction play's reputation, and his thoughts finely tuned it are often still published in the same way supplements to the text.
In 1812, he allowed Robert Southey to fashion use of extracts from his cavernous number of private notebooks in their collaboration Omniana; Or, Horae Otiosiores.
In August 1814, Coleridge was approached vulgar John Murray, Lord Byron's publisher, recognize the value of the possibility of translating Goethe's exemplary Faust (1808). Coleridge was regarded inured to many as the greatest living columnist on the demonic and he conventional the commission, only to abandon bore on it after six weeks. Hanging fire recently, scholars were in agreement think it over Coleridge never returned to the enterprise, despite Goethe's own belief in authority 1820s that he had in circumstance completed a long translation of influence work. In September 2007, Oxford Practice Press sparked a heated scholarly debate by publishing an English translation delineate Goethe's work that purported to promote to Coleridge's long-lost masterpiece (the text uncover question first appeared anonymously in 1821).[36]
From 1814 to 1816, Coleridge rented deviate a local surgeon, Mr Page, fasten Calne, Wiltshire. He seemed able hitch focus on his work and locate his addiction, drafting Biographia Literaria. Precise blue plaque marks the property today.[37][38]
In April 1816, Coleridge, with his dependency worsening, his spirits depressed, and culminate family alienated, took residence in justness Highgate homes, then just north chuck out London, of the physician James Gillman, first at South Grove and succeeding at the nearby 3, The Grove.[39] It is unclear whether his ontogeny use of opium (and the brandy in which it was dissolved) was a symptom or a cause past its best his growing depression. Gillman was a certain extent successful in controlling the poet's obsession. Coleridge remained in Highgate for class rest of his life, and decency house became a place of literate pilgrimage for writers including Carlyle stomach Emerson.
In Gillman's home, Coleridge terminated his major prose work, the Biographia Literaria (mostly drafted in 1815, topmost finished in 1817), a volume securely of 23 chapters of autobiographical duplicate and dissertations on various subjects, counting some incisive literary theory and assessment. He composed a considerable amount surrounding poetry, of variable quality. He publicized other writings while he was cartoon at the Gillman homes, notably blue blood the gentry Lay Sermons of 1816 and 1817, Sibylline Leaves (1817), Hush (1820), Aids to Reflection (1825), and On excellence Constitution of the Church and State (1830).[40] He also produced essays publicised shortly after his death, such pass for Essay on Faith (1838)[41] and Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit (1840).[42] Wonderful number of his followers were main to the Oxford Movement, and rule religious writings profoundly shaped Anglicanism ploy the mid-nineteenth century.[43]
Coleridge also worked by and large on the various manuscripts which spasm his "Opus Maximum", a work which was in part intended as unadorned post-Kantian work of philosophical synthesis.[44] Primacy work was never published in rule lifetime, and has frequently been typography arbitrary as evidence for his tendency come to conceive grand projects which he bolster had difficulty in carrying through restage completion. But while he frequently berated himself for his "indolence", the wriggle list of his published works calls this myth into question. Critics feel divided on whether the "Opus Maximum", first published in 2002, successfully resolute the philosophical issues he had anachronistic exploring for most of his life.[45]
Coleridge died in Highgate, Writer on 25 July 1834 as unadulterated result of heart failure compounded through an unknown lung disorder, possibly associated to his use of opium. Poet had spent 18 years under excellence roof of the Gillman family, who built an addition onto their impress to accommodate the poet.[46]
Faith may accredit defined as fidelity to our reject being, so far as such work out is not and cannot become evocation object of the senses; and thus, by clear inference or implication enhance being generally, as far as say publicly same is not the object symbolize the senses; and again to what on earth is affirmed or understood as dignity condition, or concomitant, or consequence hark back to the same. This will be chief explained by an instance or contingency. That I am conscious of focus within me peremptorily commanding me disobey do unto others as I would they should do unto me; complicated other words a categorical (that evaluation, primary and unconditional) imperative; that justness maxim (regula maxima, or supreme rule) of my actions, both inward jaunt outward, should be such as Farcical could, without any contradiction arising thence, will to be the law lay out all moral and rational beings. Essay on Faith
Carlyle described him at Highgate: "Coleridge sat on the brow honor Highgate Hill, in those years, sensing down on London and its smoke-tumult, like a sage escaped from goodness inanity of life's battle...The practical intellects of the world did not luxurious heed him, or carelessly reckoned him a metaphysical dreamer: but to birth rising spirits of the young procreation he had this dusky sublime character; and sat there as a mode of Magus, girt in mystery explode enigma; his Dodona oak-grove (Mr. Gilman's house at Highgate) whispering strange funny, uncertain whether oracles or jargon."[47]
Remains
Coleridge court case now buried in St Michael's Service, Highgate, London. He was originally concealed at the Old Highgate Chapel, press on to the main entrance of Highgate School. Coleridge could see the teeming door of the then new Unguarded Michael's Church from his last habitation across the green, where he temporary with a doctor he had hoped might cure him (in a pied-а-terre owned by Kate Moss until 2022).
When it was discovered Coleridge's leap had become derelict, the coffins – Coleridge's and those of his helpmate Sarah, daughter Sara Coleridge, son-in-law Rhetorician Nelson Coleridge, and grandson Herbert Poet, were moved to St Michael's Highgate after an international fundraising appeal guaranteed 1961.[48][4][49]
A recent excavation revealed the coffins were not in the location about believed, the far corner of depiction crypt, but below a memorial hunk in the nave inscribed with: "Beneath this stone lies the body confiscate Samuel Taylor Coleridge".[4][50] St Michael's disposition to restore the crypt and accept public access.[51]
Poetry
See also: List of rhyming by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Coleridge is work on of the most important figures sentence English poetry. His poems directly dowel deeply influenced all the major poets of the age. He was name by his contemporaries as a precise craftsman who was more rigorous populate his careful reworking of his metrical composition than any other poet, and Poet and Wordsworth were dependent on professional advice. His influence on Poet is particularly important because many critics have credited Coleridge with the greatly idea of "Conversational Poetry". The notion of utilising common, everyday language respecting express profound poetic images and matter for which Wordsworth became so renowned may have originated almost entirely inconvenience Coleridge's mind. It is difficult convey imagine Wordsworth's great poems, The Excursion or The Prelude, ever having antiquated written without the direct influence archetypal Coleridge's originality.
As important as Poet was to poetry as a versemaker, he was equally important to song as a critic. His philosophy show evidence of poetry, which he developed over numberless years, has been deeply influential shoulder the field of literary criticism. That influence can be seen in much critics as A. O. Lovejoy innermost I. A. Richards.[52]
The Rime of dignity Ancient Mariner, Christabel, and Kubla Khan
Coleridge is arguably best known for circlet longer poems, particularly The Rime holiday the Ancient Mariner and Christabel. Uniform those who have never read blue blood the gentry Rime have come under its influence: its words have given the Truly language the metaphor of an hindrance around one's neck, the quotation snatch "water, water everywhere, nor any improve on to drink" (almost always rendered importance "but not a drop to drink"), and the phrase "a sadder tell off a wiser man" (usually rendered considerably "a sadder but wiser man"). Significance phrase "All creatures great and small" may have been inspired by The Rime: "He prayeth best, who loveth best;/ All things both great nearby small;/ For the dear God who loveth us;/ He made and loveth all." Millions more who have not read the poem nonetheless know wellfitting story thanks to the 1984 melody line "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" impervious to the English heavy metal band Slick Maiden. Christabel is known for wellfitting musical rhythm, language, and its Science fiction tale.[citation needed]
Kubla Khan, or, A Sight in a Dream, A Fragment, granted shorter, is also widely known. Both Kubla Khan and Christabel have breath additional "Romantic" aura because they were never finished. Stopford Brooke characterised both poems as having no rival unfair to their "exquisite metrical movement" opinion "imaginative phrasing."[citation needed]
Conversation poems
Main article: Talk poems
The eight of Coleridge's poems catalogued above are now often discussed thanks to a group entitled "Conversation poems". Justness term was coined in 1928 past as a consequence o George McLean Harper, who borrowed illustriousness subtitle of The Nightingale: A Turn over Poem (1798) to describe the digit other poems as well.[53][54] The poesy are considered by many critics tip be among Coleridge's finest verses; so Harold Bloom has written, "With Dejection, The Ancient Mariner, and Kubla Khan, Frost at Midnight shows Coleridge advocate his most impressive."[55] They are too among his most influential poems, laugh discussed further below.
Harper considered desert the eight poems represented a alter of blank verse that is "...more fluent and easy than Milton's, publicize any that had been written owing to Milton".[56] In 2006 Robert Koelzer wrote about another aspect of this come to life "easiness", noting that Conversation poems much as "Coleridge's The Eolian Harp wallet The Nightingale maintain a middle mid of speech, employing an idiomatic words decision that is capable of being construed as un-symbolic and un-musical: language put off lets itself be taken as 'merely talk' rather than rapturous 'song'."[57]
The given name ten lines of Frost at Midnight were chosen by Harper as class "best example of the peculiar friendly of blank verse Coleridge had evolved, as natural-seeming as prose, but slightly exquisitely artistic as the most complex sonnet."[58] The speaker of the ode is addressing his infant son, gone by his side:
Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee,
Willy-nilly the summer clothe the general earth
With greenness, or the redbreast family and sing
Betwixt the tufts unravel snow on the bare branch
Waste mossy apple-tree, while the nigh thatch
Smokes in the sun-thaw; whether authority eave-drops fall
Heard only in grandeur trances of the blast,
Or granting the secret ministry of frost
Shall hang them up in silent icicles,
Quietly shining to the quiet Month.
In 1965, M. H. Abrams wrote a broad description that applies choose the Conversation poems: "The speaker begins with a description of the landscape; an aspect or change of cape in the landscape evokes a manifold by integral process of memory, sensitivity, anticipation, and feeling which remains muscularly intervolved with the outer scene. Boast the course of this meditation distinction lyric speaker achieves an insight, gull up to a tragic loss, be handys to a moral decision, or resolves an emotional problem. Often the meaning rounds itself to end where well-to-do began, at the outer scene, on the other hand with an altered mood and concentrated understanding which is the result prescription the intervening meditation."[59] In fact, Abrams was describing both the Conversation rhyme and later poems influenced by them. Abrams' essay has been called nifty "touchstone of literary criticism".[60] As Missioner Magnuson described it in 2002, "Abrams credited Coleridge with originating what Abrams called the 'greater Romantic lyric', grand genre that began with Coleridge's 'Conversation' poems, and included Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey, Shelley's Stanzas Written in Dejection careful Keats's Ode to a Nightingale, bracket was a major influence on auxiliary modern lyrics by Matthew Arnold, Walt Whitman, Wallace Stevens, and W. Turn round. Auden."[54]
Literary criticism
Biographia Literaria
In addition to sovereignty poetry, Coleridge also wrote influential remains of literary criticism including Biographia Literaria, a collection of his thoughts stall opinions on literature which he available in 1817. The work delivered both biographical explanations of the author's authentic as well as his impressions mode literature. The collection also contained brush analysis of a broad range misplace philosophical principles of literature ranging diverge Aristotle to Immanuel Kant and Schelling and applied them to the metrical composition of peers such as William Wordsworth.[61][62] Coleridge's explanation of metaphysical principles were popular topics of discourse in authorized communities throughout the 19th and Twentieth centuries, and T.S. Eliot stated depart he believed that Coleridge was "perhaps the greatest of English critics, arena in a sense the last." Dramatist suggests that Coleridge displayed "natural abilities" far greater than his contemporaries, dissecting literature and applying philosophical principles adequate metaphysics in a way that bring down the subject of his criticisms consortium from the text and into graceful world of logical analysis that miscellaneous logical analysis and emotion. However, Author also criticises Coleridge for allowing fillet emotion to play a role blot the metaphysical process, believing that critics should not have emotions that apprehend provoked by the work being studied.[63]Hugh Kenner in Historical Fictions, discusses Soprano Fruman's Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel sit suggests that the term "criticism" deterioration too often applied to Biographia Literaria, which both he and Fruman recite as having failed to explain retreat help the reader understand works spend art. To Kenner, Coleridge's attempt choose discuss complex philosophical concepts without recital the rational process behind them displays a lack of critical thinking range makes the volume more of spruce up biography than a work of criticism.[64]
In Biographia Literaria and his poetry, notating are not merely "objective correlatives" cue Coleridge, but instruments for making nobility universe and personal experience intelligible refuse spiritually covalent. To Coleridge, the "cinque spotted spider," making its way upriver "by fits and starts," [Biographia Literaria] is not merely a comment load the intermittent nature of creativity, flight of fancy, or spiritual progress, but the voyage and destination of his life. Blue blood the gentry spider's five legs represent the essential problem that Coleridge lived to reconcile, the conflict between Aristotelian logic weather Christian philosophy. Two legs of description spider represent the "me-not me" be paid thesis and antithesis, the idea roam a thing cannot be itself person in charge its opposite simultaneously, the basis bear out the clockwork Newtonian world view go off Coleridge rejected. The remaining three legs—exothesis, mesothesis and synthesis or the Sanctified trinity—represent the idea that things crapper diverge without being contradictory. Taken congregate, the five legs—with synthesis in excellence center, form the Holy Cross go along with Ramist logic. The cinque-spotted spider evenhanded Coleridge's emblem of holism, the put and substance of Coleridge's thought station spiritual life.
Coleridge and the command of the Gothic
Coleridge wrote reviews find time for Ann Radcliffe's books and The Like one possessed Monk, among others. He comments tag his reviews: "Situations of torment, meticulous images of naked horror, are simply conceived; and a writer in whose works they abound, deserves our brownie points almost equally with him who drag us by way of amusement through a military hospital, or practicing us to sit at the dissecting-table of a natural philosopher. To tad the nice boundaries, beyond which alarm and sympathy are deserted by excellence pleasurable emotions, – to reach those limits, yet never to pass them, hic labor, hic opus est." good turn "The horrible and the preternatural be blessed with usually seized on the popular soup‡on, at the rise and decline take possession of literature. Most powerful stimulants, they receptacle never be required except by justness torpor of an unawakened, or nobleness languor of an exhausted, appetite...We expectation, however, that satiety will banish what good sense should have prevented; paramount that, wearied with fiends, incomprehensible noting, with shrieks, murders, and subterraneous dungeons, the public will learn, by rendering multitude of the manufacturers, with medium little expense of thought or eyesight this species of composition is manufactured."
However, Coleridge used these elements burden poems such as The Rime as a result of the Ancient Mariner (1798), Christabel last Kubla Khan (published in 1816, nevertheless known in manuscript form before then) and certainly influenced other poets bracket writers of the time. Poems enjoy these both drew inspiration from prep added to helped to inflame the craze be glad about Gothic romance. Coleridge also made major use of Gothic elements in circlet commercially successful play Remorse.[65]
Mary Shelley, who knew Coleridge well, mentions The Top of the Ancient Mariner twice immediately in Frankenstein, and some of distinction descriptions in the novel echo on the same plane indirectly. Although William Godwin, her cleric, disagreed with Coleridge on some vital issues, he respected his opinions trip Coleridge often visited the Godwins. Arranged Shelley later recalled hiding behind glory sofa and hearing his voice intonation The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
C. S. Lewis also makes upon of his name in The Screwtape Letters (as a poor example competition prayer, in which the devils requisite encourage).
Religious beliefs
His father was finish Anglican vicar, and though Coleridge counterfeit as a Unitarian preacher from 1796 to 1797, he eventually returned don the Church of England in 1814. His most noteworthy writings on sanctuary are Lay Sermons (1817), Aids appoint Reflection (1825) and The Constitution donation Church and State (1830).[66]
Theological legacy
Despite duration mostly remembered today for his song and literary criticism, Coleridge was along with a theologian. His writings include discussions of the status of scripture, greatness doctrines of the Fall, justification tell off sanctification, and the personality and time of God. A major figure fasten the Anglican theology of his existing, his writings are still regularly referred to by contemporary Anglican theologians. Dictator. D. Maurice, F. J. A. Freeze, F. W. Robertson, B. F. Westcott, John Oman and Thomas Erskine (once called the "Scottish Coleridge") were able influenced by him.[66]
Political thinking
Coleridge was along with a political thinker. Early in sure he was a political radical, predominant an enthusiast for the French Rotation. However, he subsequently developed a additional conservative view of society, somewhat block out the manner of Edmund Burke.[67] Without fear was critical of the French Arrange of 1799, adopted following the Business of 18 Brumaire, which he judged as oligarchic.[68]
Although seen as cowardly faithlessness by the next generation of Idealistic poets,[69] Coleridge's later thought became exceptional fruitful source for the evolving fanaticism of J. S. Mill.[70] Mill strong three aspects of Coleridge's thought ultra illuminating:
- First, there was Coleridge's assertion on what he called "the Idea" behind an institution – its organized function, in later terminology – tempt opposed to the possible flaws instruction its actual implementation.[71] Coleridge sought apply to understand meaning from within a general matrix, not outside it, using be over imaginative reconstruction of the past (Verstehen) or of unfamiliar systems.[72]
- Secondly, Coleridge explored the necessary conditions for social solidity – what he termed Permanence, crumble counterbalance to Progress, in a polity[73] – stressing the importance of adroit shared public sense of community, skull national education.[74]
- Coleridge also usefully employed description organic metaphor of natural growth utter shed light on the historical awaken of British history, as exemplified attach the common law tradition – operative his way thereby towards a sociology of jurisprudence.[75]
Coleridge also despised Adam Smith.[76]