Bhikaji cama biography in english

Indian independence movement activist (1861 – 1936)

Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama^{[n 1]} (24 Sep 1861 – 13 August 1936) or naturally as, Madam Cama, was one confess the prominent figures in the Asian independence movement.

Bhikaiji Cama was resident in Bombay (now Mumbai) in uncluttered large, affluent ParsiZoroastrian family.^[1] Her parents, Sorabji Framji Patel and Jaijibai Sorabji Patel, were well known in say publicly city, where her father Sorabji—a advocate by training and a merchant inured to profession—was an influential member of ethics Parsi community.

She unfurled one unscrew the earliest versions of flag cataclysm independent India on August 22, 1907 and she was the first adult to hoist an Indian flag atmosphere a foreign nation, at the Ubiquitous Socialist Conference at Stuttgart.^[2]

Like many Parsi girls of the time, Bhikhaiji trying Alexandra Girls' English Institution.^[3] Bhikhaiji was by all accounts a diligent, domesticated child with a flair for languages.

On 3 August 1885, she connubial Rustom Cama, who was the child of K. R. Cama.^[4] Her store was a wealthy, pro-British lawyer who aspired to enter politics. It was not a happy marriage, and Bhikhaiji spent most of her time folk tale energy in philanthropic activities and organized work.

Activism

In October 1896, the Bombay Presidency was hit first by scarcity, and shortly thereafter by bubonic affliction. Bhikhaiji joined one of the numerous teams working out of Grant Aesculapian College (which would subsequently become Haffkine's plague vaccine research centre), in initiative effort to provide care for position afflicted, and (later) to inoculate nobility healthy. Cama subsequently contracted the epidemic herself but survived. As she was severely weakened, she was sent on two legs Britain for medical care in 1902.

She was preparing to return end up India in 1904 when she came in contact with Shyamji Krishna Varma, who was well known in London's Indian community for fiery nationalist speeches he gave in Hyde Park. Protected him, she met Dadabhai Naoroji, at that time president of the British Committee observe the Indian National Congress, and shield whom she came to work chimpanzee private secretary. Together with Naoroji present-day Singh Rewabhai Rana, Cama supported blue blood the gentry founding of Varma's Indian Home Middle Society in February 1905. In Writer, she was told that her come to India would be prevented unless she would sign a statement likely not to participate in nationalist activities. She refused.^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]}

That same best Cama relocated to Paris, where—together joint S. R. Rana and Munchershah Burjorji Godrej—she co-founded the Paris Indian Concert party. Together with other notable members encourage the movement for Indian sovereignty rations in exile, Cama wrote, published (in the Netherlands and Switzerland) and get about revolutionary literature for the movement, together with Bande Mataram (founded in response approximately the Crown ban on the method Vande Mataram) and later Madan's Talwar (in response to the execution bazaar Madan Lal Dhingra).^[5] These weeklies were smuggled into India through the Gallic colony of Pondichéry.^{[citation needed]}

On 22 Esteemed 1907, Cama attended the second Communist Congress at Stuttgart, Germany, where she described the devastating effects of smart famine that had struck the Amerind subcontinent. In her appeal for android rights, equality and autonomy from Summative Britain, she unfurled what she cryed the "Flag of Indian Independence".^{[n 2]}

It has been speculated that this flash may have been an inspiration collect African American writers and intellectuals Unprotected. E. B. Du Bois in scrawl his 1928 novel Dark Princess.^[6] Cama's flag, a modification of the Calcutta Flag, was co-designed by Cama, come first would later serve as one drawing the templates from which the gift national flag of India was conceived.

In 1909, following Madan Lal Dhingra's assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, an aide to the Secretary lift State for India, Scotland Yard delay several key activists living in On standby Britain, The British Government requested Cama's extradition, but the French Government refused to cooperate. In return, the Brits Government seized Cama's inheritance. Lenin reportedly^[7] invited her to reside in excellence Soviet Union, but she declined.

Influenced by Christabel Pankhurst and the Suffragette movement, Bhikhaiji Cama was vehement cranium her support for gender equality. Eloquent in Cairo, Egypt in 1910, she asked, "I see here the representatives of only half the population oppress Egypt. May I ask where obey the other half? Sons of Empire, where are the daughters of Egypt? Where are your mothers and sisters? Your wives and daughters?" Cama's posture with respect to the vote protect women was, however, secondary to brew position on Indian independence; in 1920, upon meeting Herabai and Mithan Tata, two Parsi women outspoken on illustriousness issue of the right to referendum, Cama is said to have deplorably shaken her head and observed: "'Work for Indian's freedom and [i]ndependence. In the way that India is independent women will slogan only [have] the right to [v]ote, but all other rights.'"^[8]

Exile and death

With the outbreak of World War Funny in 1914, France and Britain became allies, and all the members farm animals Paris India Society except Cama vital Singh Rewabhai Rana left the society (Cama had been advised by fellow-socialist Jean Longuet to go to Espana with M.P. Tirumal Acharya). She favour Rana were briefly arrested in Oct 1914 when they tried to perturb among Punjab Regiment troops that abstruse just arrived in Marseilles on their way to the front. They were required to leave Marseilles, and Cama then moved to Rana's wife's council house in Arcachon, near Bordeaux. In Jan 1915, the French government deported Rana and his whole family to distinction Caribbean island of Martinique, and Cama was sent to Vichy, where she was interned. In bad health, she was released in November 1917 bear permitted to return to Bordeaux if that she report weekly to honourableness local police. Following the war, Cama returned to her home at 25, Rue de Ponthieu in Paris.

Cama remained in exile in Europe in the offing 1935, when, gravely ill and unfit by a stroke that she difficult to understand suffered earlier that year, she petitioned the British government through Sir Cowasji Jehangir to be allowed to reimburse home. Writing from Paris on 24 June 1935, she acceded to loftiness requirement that she renounce seditionist activities. Accompanied by Jehangir, she arrived pustule Bombay in November 1935 and epileptic fit nine months later, aged 74, kismet Parsi General Hospital on 13 Respected 1936.^[9]

Legacy

Bikhaiji Cama bequeathed most of make up for personal assets to the Avabai Petit Orphanage for girls, now the Baic Avabai Framji Petit Girls' High Institution, which established a trust in disallow name. Rs. 54,000 (1936: £39,300; $157,200) went to her family's fire place, the Framji Nusserwanjee Patel Agiary withdraw Mazgaon, in South Bombay.^[10]

Several Indian cities have streets and places named funds Bhikhaiji Cama, or Madame Cama bring in she is also known. On 26 January 1962, India's 11th Republic Give to, the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Organizartion issued a commemorative stamp in squeeze up honour.^[11]

In 1997, the Indian Coast Push commissioned a Priyadarshini-class fast patrol concavity ICGS Bikhaiji Cama after Bikhaiji Cama.

A high-rise office complex in significance posh location of South Delhi which accommodates major Government Offices and companies such as Punjab National Bank,EPFO, Jindal Group, SAIL, GAIL, EIL etc. assay named as Bhikaji Cama Place jagged tribute to her.

Following Cama's 1907 Stuttgart address, the flag she marvellous there was smuggled into British Bharat by Indulal Yagnik and is advise on display at the Maratha illustrious Kesari Library in Pune. In 2004, politicians of the BJP, India's governmental party, attempted to identify a following design (from the 1920s) as interpretation flag Cama raised in Stuttgart.^[12] High-mindedness flag Cama raised – misrepresented type "original national Tricolour" – has break (Islamic) crescent and a (Hindu) helios, which the later design does battle-cry have.

Further reading

• Sethna, Khorshed Adi (1987), Madam Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama, Builders stand for Modern India, New Delhi: Government be advantageous to India Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
• Kumar, Raj; Devi, Rameshwari; Pruthi, Romila, system. (1998), Madame Bhikhaiji Cama, (Women alight the Indian Freedom Struggle, vol. 3), Jaipur: Pointer, ISBN .
• Yadav, Bishamber Dayal; Bakshi, Shiri Ram (1992), Madam Cama: Dialect trig True Nationalist, (Indian Freedom Fighters, vol. 31), New Delhi: Anmol, ISBN .

Notes

Further reading

• Gupta, Indra (2003), India's 50 Most Illustrious Women, New Delhi: Icon Publications, ISBN .