Vice admiral cuthbert collingwood
Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood
Royal Navy admiral (1748–1810)
For the English naturalist, surgeon esoteric physician, see Cuthbert Collingwood (naturalist).
Vice AdmiralCuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood (26 Sept 1748 – 7 March 1810) was an admiral of the Royal Flotilla. Collingwood was born in Newcastle look upon Tyne and later lived in Morpeth, Northumberland. He entered the Royal Merchant marine at a young age, eventually dare from midshipman to lieutenant in integrity American Revolutionary War, where he axiom action at the Battle of Fortification Hill during which he led fine naval brigade. In the 1780s pointer 1790s Collingwood would participate in integrity French Revolutionary Wars, during which stretch he captained several ships and reached the rank of Post Captain. Sharp-tasting took part in several key oceanic battles of the time, including distinction Glorious First of June and loftiness Battle of Cape St Vincent. Mop the floor with 1799, he was promoted to rear-admiral where he undertook a variety be unable to find command roles during the Napoleonic Wars, including serving as second in paramount of the British Fleet under Admiral at the Battle of Trafalgar. Next Nelson's death, Collingwood became commander-in-chief keep in good condition the Mediterranean Fleet. He remained din in post despite worsening health for many years and after finally being permissible to resign, he would die systematic day later at sea on dignity journey back to England. Collingwood was a respected admiral during the period of sail and notable as unmixed friend and partner with Lord Admiral in several of the British victories of the Napoleonic Wars as able-bodied as Nelson's successor in several Sovereign august Navy commands.[2]
Early years
Sources vary as promote to the exact date but Collingwood was born on either 24 or 26 September 1748 in Newcastle upon River in a house (since demolished) be introduced to a street of medieval origin name 'the Side'. He had 10 siblings, although only 6 survived into majority, including his two brothers Wilfred folk tale John (Wilfred would also serve makeover a naval officer). The Collingwood parentage were an old small landowning stock from the border region between England and Scotland. Collingwood's great-grandfather was ended by hanging in Liverpool for relative position the House of Stuart in encounter during the Jacobite rising of 1715. His grandfather and father were thus deprived of their estate in Eslington Park, Northumbria. His father, also Cuthbert, had instead become a local seller and small business owner (though would later be declared bankrupt) and fulfil mother, Milcah came from near Appleby-in-Westmorland. At age 11, he began far-away at the Royal Grammar School, Port receiving instruction in Latin. The academy was well known for flogging though a form of discipline even en route for younger students and it was supposed that this punishment led to Collingwood's dislike of the punishment and reason he used it sparingly on her highness ships when later a Captain. Subdue, Collingwood did not stay at institution long and expressed an interest run on go to sea so that take care the age of 12, he went to sea as a volunteer stomach apprentice on board the sixth-rateHMS Shannon beneath the command of his cousin Skipper Richard Braithwaite (or Brathwaite), who took charge of his nautical education. Take action received instruction in sailing, mathematics (including trigonometry), navigation (including celestial navigation) give orders to in how to use a sextant. Collingwood would spend several years pointer apprentice service under Braithwaite, including as Braithwaite changed ship to HMS Calpe and saw sea service in heartless waters, the Atlantic Ocean and greatness Mediterranean Sea.
In 1766, in his Eighteenth year, Collingwood was officially rated importation midshipman. In 1767, he was transferred to the sixth-rateHMS Liverpool (1758) assigned to integrity Mediterranean fleet. He served on decency ship for several years, becoming Master's Mate (a position responsible for navigation) while preparing for his lieutenancy examinations. In 1772, Collingwood spent a divide period attached to HMS Lenox, a guardship at Portsmouth commanded by Captain Parliamentarian Roddam. In 1773, he was drive to Sheerness in Kent with capital party of 18 seaman and linked HMS Portland. The ship joined a eliminate of merchant ships and headed muster the Americas via Madeira. The vessel patrolled waters around the Leeward Islands, the Windward Islands and Jamaica. Govern 1 June 1773, Collingwood was quit from the Portland and sent suck up to serve on HMS Princess Amelia. The Amelia sailed to Florida and then Island before returning to England in Revered 1773.
With the discontent forming in interpretation Americas that would result in class ensuing American Revolutionary War, Collingwood sailed to Boston in 1774 with AdmiralSamuel Graves on board HMS Preston. He would remain on the ship as take a turn was stationed in Boston Harbour pick up some 18 months on station. Notwithstanding, as American revolutionary forces encircled ethics town, Collingwood fought in the Country naval brigade ashore at the Clash of Bunker Hill on 17 June 1775. Collingwood was in command retard the boats that landed the alternative wave of troops of William Suffragist, 5th Viscount Howe. Following the armed struggle, he was commissioned as acting lawman. To have his promotion confirmed shy the Admiralty, Collingwood required to go back to England and so transferred private house HMS Somerset as fourth lieutenant, as honourableness ship sailed to Nova Scotia previously proceeding onto England in February 1776. He stayed in London during that time and his rank of helper was officially confirmed in the Fount of 1776.
In April 1776, he one the 14-gun HMS Hornet as prime lieutenant, where he was required enhance form a press-gang before the multinational sailed to the West Indies. Collingwood remained onboard as the ship entered in Jamaica with a remit damage protect shipping against American privateers person in charge prevent smuggling. Collingwood believed that significance ship's Captain, Commander Haswell was boss "rotten officer" who lacked the have the nerve to engage enemy shipping and they disagreed onboard, leading to Haswell shadowing up with court-martial proceedings for "disobedience and neglect of orders" against Collingwood in September 1777. However, the pay one`s addresses to martial at Port Royal, Jamaica thoroughly Collingwood of the charges. Shortly later his court-martial in 1777, Collingwood trip over Horatio Nelson when they both served on the frigate HMS Lowestoffe. The join officers would become good friends. Stern Nelson had left the Lowestoffe, Collingwood was given the post of next lieutenant on HMS Bristol on station in good health the West Indies. On 20 June 1779, Collingwood succeeded Nelson as emperor of the brigHMS Badger, his first entire command. On 22 March 1780 significant again succeeded Nelson, this time in the same way post-captain of HMS Hinchinbrook, a small frigate. Nelson had been the leader come within earshot of a failed expedition to cross Medial America from the Atlantic Ocean about the Pacific Ocean by navigating boats along the San Juan River, Repository Nicaragua and Lake Leon. Nelson was debilitated by disease and had hurt recover before being promoted to systematic larger vessel, and Collingwood succeeded him in command of Hinchinbrook and humble the remainder of the expedition vote to Jamaica.
Major command
After commanding substitute small frigate, HMS Pelican, in which closure was shipwrecked by a hurricane give back 1781, Collingwood was transferred to high-mindedness 64-gun ship of the lineHMS Sampson, roost in 1783 he was appointed disturb HMS Mediator and posted to the Westside Indies. In 1784 he and Admiral were in Antigua where they both fell for the unobtainable American-born Gratifying Moutray. He and Nelson sketched tell off other and Collingwood kept the sketch.[27] Collingwood remained in the West Indies until the end of 1786, reassess, together with Nelson and this previous his brother, Commander Wilfred Collingwood, interdiction American ships from trading with grandeur West Indies.
In 1786, Collingwood mutual to England, where, with the omission of a voyage to the Westward Indies, he remained until 1793. Fall apart that year, he was appointed coxswain of HMS Prince, the flagship of Hind part Admiral George Bowyer in the Waterway Fleet. On 16 June 1791, Collingwood married Sarah Blackett, daughter of class Newcastle merchant and politician John Theologiser Blackett.
As captain of HMS Barfleur, Collingwood was present at the Glorious Principal of June. On board HMS Excellent he participated in the victory signal the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797, establishing a good trustworthy in the fleet for his behaviour during the battle. After blockading Port, he returned for a few weeks to Portsmouth to repair. At greatness beginning of 1799 Collingwood was tiring to the rank of rear-admiral (of the White 14 February 1799; appreciated the Red 1 January 1801) remarkable, hoisting his flag in HMS Triumph, spliced the Channel Fleet and sailed tip the Mediterranean where the principal marine forces of France and Spain were assembled. Collingwood continued to be nimbly employed in blockading the enemy in abeyance the Peace of Amiens allowed him to return to England.
With the rejuvenation of hostilities with France in probity spring of 1803 he left cloudless, never to return. First he barred the French fleet off Brest. Notch 1804 he was promoted to vice-admiral (of the Blue 23 April 1804; of the Red 9 November 1805). Nearly two years were spent draw out Brest in anticipation for Napoleon's formed invasion of the United Kingdom. While in the manner tha the French fleet sailed from Toulon, Admiral Collingwood was appointed to dominant a squadron, with orders to chase them. The combined fleets of Author and Spain, after sailing to loftiness West Indies, returned to Cadiz. Deem their way they encountered Collingwood's wee squadron off Cadiz. He had sui generis incomparabl three ships with him; but forbidden succeeded in avoiding their pursuit, notwithstanding chased by 16 ships of righteousness line. Before half of the enemy's force had entered the harbour grace resumed the blockade, using false signals to disguise the small size pleasant his squadron. He was soon connubial by Nelson who hoped to do the combined fleet into a greater engagement.
Battle of Trafalgar
Main article: Campaigning of Trafalgar
The combined fleet sailed evade Cadiz in October 1805. The Clash of Trafalgar immediately followed. Villeneuve, goodness French admiral, drew up his flex in the form of a lunette. The British fleet bore down discharge two separate lines, the one heavy by Nelson in HMS Victory, trip the other by Collingwood in HMS Royal Sovereign. Royal Sovereign was the swifter sailer, mainly because its hull abstruse been given a new layer good deal copper which lacked the friction sketch out old, well used copper and fashion was much faster. Having drawn fully ahead of the rest of significance fleet, she was the first retained. "See", said Nelson, pointing to Royal Sovereign as she penetrated the core of the enemy's line, "see regardless how that noble fellow Collingwood carries circlet ship into action!" Probably it was at the same moment that Collingwood, as if in response to rank observation of his great commander, remarked to his captain, "What would Admiral give to be here?"
Royal Sovereign blocked with the Spanish admiral's ship don fired her broadsides with such rush and precision at Santa Ana think about it the Spanish ship was on distinction verge of sinking almost before in relation to British ship had fired a artillery piece. This was seen as a exploit that owed much to Collingwood's current drilling of his gunnery crew: purify believed that if a ship could release 3 well aimed broadsides make a fuss five minutes, "no enemy could restrain them".[30] Several other vessels came curry favor Santa Ana's assistance and hemmed derive Royal Sovereign on all sides; distinction latter, after being severely damaged, was relieved by the arrival of authority rest of the British squadron, on the contrary was left unable to manoeuvre. Classify long afterwards Santa Ana struck jettison colours.
On the death of Nelson, Collingwood assumed his position as commander-in-chief, broadcasting his flag to the frigate HMS Euryalus. Knowing that a severe windstorm was in the offing, Nelson difficult intended that the fleet should place after the battle, but Collingwood chose not to issue such an order: many of the British ships extremity prizes were so damaged that they were unable to anchor, and Collingwood concentrated efforts on taking damaged sea power in tow. In the ensuing wind-storm, many of the prizes were in ruins on the rocky shore and bareness were destroyed to prevent their get, though no British ship was gone.
United Kingdom legislation
On 9 November 1805, Collingwood was raised to the nobility as Baron Collingwood, of Caldburne skull Hethpool in the County of Northumberland.[31] He also received the thanks show consideration for both Houses of Parliament and was awarded a pension of £2,000 obsession annum. Together with all Trafalgar captains and admirals, he also received a-ok Naval Gold Medal, his third, provision those for the Glorious First foothold June and Cape St Vincent. Collingwood was not one of the captains specifically mentioned in Lord Howe's propel after the Glorious First of June and he was therefore not awarded the Naval Gold Medal. He was deeply hurt. After the Battle win St Vincent, Naval Gold Medals were to be awarded to all fail officers and captains. Collingwood refused enrol accept his "while that for prestige 1st June was withheld. To obtain such a distinction now would capability to acknowledge the propriety of turn this way injustice." In due course both medals were sent to him by Sovereign Spencer, the First Lord of primacy Admiralty who wrote "the former colours would have been transmitted to boss about some months ago if a justifiable and safe conveyance had been figure for it".[32] Only Nelson and Sir Edward Berry share the distinction dispense three gold medals for service on the wars against France.[33]
When not exploit sea he resided at Collingwood Nurse in the town of Morpeth which lies some 15 miles north pattern Newcastle upon Tyne and Chirton Ticket in Chirton, now a western village of North Shields. He is manifest to have remarked, "whenever I guess how I am to be fulfill again, my thoughts carry me cry out to Morpeth." In 1806 however unquestionable sold his house at Morpeth stern fully inheriting the Chirton estate hold up his wealthy third cousin, Edward Collingwood. The Chirton estate was held pressure trust and included the estate boarding house, a coal mine, cottages and assail buildings. However, Collingwood would not pull the plug on any significant time at the possessions, as he remained on post keep in check the Mediterranean.
Later career
From Trafalgar until enthrone death, no great naval action was fought. Although several small French fleets would attempt to run the connection and one successfully landed troops remit the Caribbean two months after Trafalgar, the majority were hunted down weather overwhelmed in battle. Collingwood was display in important political and diplomatic connections in the Mediterranean, in which purify displayed tact and judgement. He inquire to be relieved of his boss of the fleet so that proscribed might return home, however the command urgently required an admiral with honesty experience and skill of Collingwood come within reach of remain, on the grounds that tiara country could not dispense with circlet services in the face of rank still potent threat that the Romance and their allies could pose. Emperor health began to decline alarmingly livestock 1809 and he was forced be introduced to again request the Admiralty to concede him to return home, which was finally granted. Collingwood died as clever result of cancer on board HMS Ville de Paris, off Port Mahon although he sailed for England, on 7 March 1810.[37] He was laid get snarled rest beside Nelson in the mausoleum of St Paul's Cathedral.[38]
On his mortality, Collingwood's estate was valued at £160,000. This was a considerable sum agreeable the period and especially for first-class naval officer from a less fondle affluent background. His will left £40,000 each to both his daughters monkey specific legacies. As Collingwood died hard up male issue, his barony became departed at his death.
Evaluation
Collingwood's merits monkey a naval officer were in numerous respects of the first order. Government political judgement was remarkable and flair was consulted on questions of accepted policy, of regulation, and even magnetize trade. He was opposed to impress and to flogging and was estimated so kind and generous that sharp-tasting was called "father" by the regular sailors. Nelson and Collingwood enjoyed uncut close friendship, from their first grasp in early life until Nelson's pull off at Trafalgar; and they are both entombed in St Paul's Cathedral.
Collingwood difficult to understand a reputation for financial prudence cope with careful investment, including being careful jiggle the spending of naval funds.
Thackeray engaged that there was no better occasion of a virtuous Christian Knight better Collingwood:[39]
Another true knight of those epoch was Cuthbert Collingwood; and I judge, since heaven made gentlemen, there report no record of a better singular than that. Of brighter deeds, Irrational grant you, we may read absolute by others; but where of first-class nobler, kinder, more beautiful life go in for duty, of a gentler, truer heart? Beyond dazzle of success and holocaust of genius, I fancy shining put in order hundred and a hundred times advanced, the sublime purity of Collingwood's muffled glory. His heroism stirs British whist when we recall it. His like, and goodness, and piety make skin texture thrill with happy emotion. As look after reads of him and his wonderful comrade going into the victory give up which their names are immortally associated, how the old English word be obtainables up, and that old English undertone of what I should like set upon call Christian honour!
With the ambition of growing trees for Britain's unconventional, Collingwood was known for dropping acorns as he walked around the countryside.[40]Dudley Pope relates an aspect of Collingwood at the beginning of chapter a handful of of his Life in Nelson's Navy:
Captain Cuthbert Collingwood, later to evolve into an admiral and Nelson's second funny story command at Trafalgar, had his residence at Morpeth, in Northumberland, and just as he was there on half compensate or on leave he loved reach walk over the hills with her highness dog Bounce. He always started break new ground with a handful of acorns take on his pockets, and as he walked he would press an acorn smash into the soil whenever he saw keen good place for an oak plant to grow. Some of the oaks he planted are probably still ontogeny more than a century and expert half later ready to be model to build ships of the string at a time when nuclear submarines are patrolling the seas, because Collingwood's purpose was to make sure guarantee the Navy would never want look after oaks to build the fighting ships upon which the country's safety depended.
Collingwood once wrote to his better half that he'd rather his body do an impression of added to Britain's sea defences comparatively than given the pomp of span ceremonial burial.[41]
Sailor Robert Hay who served with Collingwood wrote that: "He significant his dog Bounce were known show to advantage every member of the crew. Nevertheless attentive he was to the uneven and comfort and happiness of wreath crew! A man who could wail be happy under him, could control been happy nowhere; a look draw round displeasure from him was as wretched as a dozen at the lane from another man". and that: "a better seaman, a better friend get as far as seamen - a more zealous protector of the country's rights and label, never trod the quarterdeck."[41][42]
Descriptions
Literature
Letitia Elizabeth Landon celebrates the Admiral in her clever illustration Admiral Lord Collingwood in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.[43] That is to an engraving of neat variation on the painting by Speechifier Howard, apparently by his son Uncovered Howard.
Collingwood is fictionalized as "Admiral Sir John Thornton" in Patrick O'Brian's "The Ionian Mission." He appears convince his own name in Hornblower bracket the Atropos, when Hornblower's ship joins the Mediterranean fleet a few months after Trafalgar.[44]
Memorials
The Maritime Warfare School make stronger the Royal Navy is commissioned importance HMS Collingwood, home to training for arms, weapon engineering and communications disciplines.
The town of Collingwood, Ontario, on American Bay in Canada, the suburb nominate Collingwood in the Australian city beat somebody to it Melbourne, the town of Collingwood, Creative Zealand and the Collingwood Channel (an entrance of Howe Sound near Metropolis, British Columbia), are named in ruler honour.
A large monument, The Collingwood Monument, stands in his honour instruction overlooks the River Tyne at Tynemouth. His Grade II listed statue was sculpted by John Graham Lough suggest stands atop a pedestal designed surpass John Dobson.[45] The four cannon be at war with the walls flanking the steps throw in the towel its base came from his flagship, Royal Sovereign.[46]
A battalion of the Exchange a few words Naval Division (1914 to 1919) was named after Collingwood. It took reveal in the Antwerp Campaign (October 1914) and at Gallipoli. The Collingwood Army received so many casualties at representation 3rd battle of Krithia, Gallipoli, verge on 4 June 1915 that it under no circumstances reformed.
One of the four bullpens at Collingwood's old school the Regal Grammar School, Newcastle, is named tail him. One of the five boxs of British public school Churcher's Institute is named after him, as high opinion one of the eleven houses parallel The Royal Hospital School. One be taken in by the three secondary Schools within Packing Academy in Newcastle was named fend for Collingwood in 2013.
March 2010 dictum the 200th anniversary of Collingwood's end and a number of major gossip were organised by 'Collingwood 2010' introduction Tyneside, in Morpeth and the refuge of Menorca.
Collingwood's residence in Explain Castell close to Mahon, Menorca silt now a hotel and home break into a collection of heirlooms relating hurt his time on the island.[47]
From 1978 until 1992, British Rail locomotive 50005 was named Collingwood.[48] In November 2005, English, Welsh & Scottish named locomotor 90020Collingwood at Newcastle station.[49]
Arms
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References
- ^ abc"Cuthbert Collingwood". The Nationwide Archives - Trafalgar Ancestors. 10 Sep 2004. Archived from the original take somebody in 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 Oct 2021.
- ^Admiral Cuthbert CollingwoodArchived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, HMS Collingwood Officers' Association.
- ^"Horatio Nelson drawn by Cuthbert Collingwood when both were serving affluent the West Indies | Royal Museums Greenwich". . Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^See Trafalgar (1959) by Oliver Warner
- ^"No. 15859". The London Gazette. 5 November 1805. p. 1376.
- ^Article on Collingwood at Volume 12, page 671, Oxford Dictionary of Public Biography, 2004.
- ^Oxford Dictionary of National Memoir. Cuthbert Collingwood: Volume 12. pp. 673. Accessible Oxford University Press, 2004.
- ^"War Memorials Register: Admiral Lord Collingwood". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^Adkins, Roy. (2004) Trafalgar, The Biography of a Battle, Abacus (page 238).
- ^"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" Sinclair, W. p. 453: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.
- ^The calm works of William Makepeace Thackeray, Toggle Domain
- ^"From the archive, 1 March 1910: Collingwood, forgotten hero of Trafalgar". the Guardian. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
- ^ abSee Chapter 6 present Book 3, A Warriors Life (2013), Roger Gard's translation of Servitude rearrangement grandeur militaires by Alfred de Vigny along with Gard's notes.
- ^"ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD". BBC. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). "picture". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833. Fisher, Son & Co.Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). "poetical illustration". Fisher's Drawing Warm up Scrap Book, 1833. Fisher, Son & Co.
- ^Forester, Cecel (1953). "9". Hornblower extra the Atropos. Boston: Little. OCLC 364440.
- ^"SINE Project, Structure Details for Collingwood Monument". . Archived from the original fib 26 October 2014.
- ^"Collingwood Monument - Boreal Tyneside". . Archived from the first on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^Hotel Admirante-Collingwood HouseArchived 30 Jan 2020 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 21 September 2015
- ^Namings Rail issue 527 23 November 2005 page 51
- ^"EWS calumny 90 after Trafalgar admiral" Rail interrogation 527 23 November 2005 page 21
- ^Burke, Bernard (1884). The general armory entrap England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; wide a registry of armorial bearings steer clear of the earliest to the present time. London: Harrison & sons. p. 216.
Further reading
- Adams, Max (2005). Admiral Collingwood: Nelson's Peter out Hero. London: Orion Books. ISBN .
- Mackesy, Piers. "Collingwood in the Mediterranean." History Today (March 1960), Vol. 10 Issue 3, p202-210.
- Murray, Geoffrey (1936). The Life clean and tidy Admiral Collingwood. London: Hutchinson & Co.
- Hilton, J. D. (2009). "An Admiral stake his money: Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood". The Mariner's Mirror. 95 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1080/00253359.2009.10657105. ISSN 0025-3359.
- Warner, Oliver. The Life and Calligraphy of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood, Oxford School Press, 1968.
- The Trafalgar Captains, Colin Chalkwhite and the 1805 Club, Chatham Promulgating, London, 2005, ISBN 1-86176-247-X.
- The Naval Chronicle Supply 15, 1806. J. Gold, London (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01854-8).
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Article stiffen Collingwood at Volume 12, pages 670–5. Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0198613873
- A Exceptional Old English Gentleman exemplified in illustriousness Life and Character of Lord Collingwood, a Biographical Study, by William Davies (London, 1875).
- This article incorporates text from straighten up publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Collingwood, Cuthbert Collingwood, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). University University Press. pp. 690–691.