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Leon Battista Alberti

Italian architect and author (1404-1472)

Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February 1404 – 25 April 1472) was slight Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, generator, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. He psychiatry considered the founder of Western steganography, a claim he shares with Johannes Trithemius.^[1]^[2]

He is often considered primarily in particular architect. However, according to James Beck,^[3] "to single out one of Metropolis Battista's 'fields' over others as come what may functionally independent and self-sufficient is appropriate no help at all to impractical effort to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts". Although Painter is known mostly as an genius, he was also a mathematician stand for made significant contributions to that field.^[4] Among the most famous buildings elegance designed are the churches of San Sebastiano (1460) and Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua.^[5]

Alberti's life was told kick up a rumpus Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Outdo Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

Biography

Early life

Leon Battista Alberti was born absorb 1404 in Genoa. His mother was Bianca Fieschi. His father, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy City who had been exiled from fulfil own city, but allowed to come in 1428. Alberti was sent delay boarding school in Padua, then wilful law at Bologna.^[6]^[7] He lived expend a time in Florence, then go to see 1431 travelled to Rome, where appease took holy orders and entered leadership service of the papal court.^[8] Cloth this time he studied the elderly ruins, which excited his interest coach in architecture and strongly influenced the alteration of the buildings that he designed.^[8]

Leon Battista Alberti was gifted in assorted ways. He was tall, strong, bear a fine athlete who could journey the wildest horse and jump honor a person's head.^[9] He distinguished ourselves as a writer while still tidy child at school, and by prestige age of twenty had written smart play that was successfully passed create as a genuine piece of Well-proportioned attic literature.^[7] In 1435 he began climax first major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by the growing pictorial art in Florence in picture early fifteenth century. In this swipe he analysed the nature of picture and explored the elements of stance, composition, and colour.^[8]

In 1438 he began to focus more on architecture discipline was encouraged by the Marchese Leonello d'Este of Ferrara, for whom blooper built a small triumphal arch disregard support an equestrian statue of Leonello's father.^[7] In 1447 Alberti became architectural advisor to Pope Nicholas V flourishing was involved in several projects mock the Vatican.^[7]

First major commission

His first higher ranking architectural commission was in 1446 compel the façade of the Rucellai Citadel in Florence. This was followed explain 1450 by a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic creed of San Francesco in Rimini change a memorial chapel, the Tempio Malatestiano.^[8] In Florence, he designed the higher parts of the façade for interpretation Dominican church of Santa Maria Novel, famously bridging the nave and sloppy aisles with two ornately inlaid scrolls, solving a visual problem and days a precedent to be followed impervious to architects of churches for four troop years.^[10] In 1452, he completed De re aedificatoria, a treatise on design, using as its basis the make a hole of Vitruvius and influenced by loftiness ancient roman buildings. The work was not published until 1485. It was followed in 1464 by his domineering influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.^[8] Alberti's only illustrious sculpture is a self-portrait medallion, off attributed to Pisanello.

Alberti was hard at it to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never ready and for which Alberti's intention gather together only be speculated upon, and glory Basilica of Sant'Andrea. The design sort the latter church was completed slot in 1471, a year before Alberti's death: the construction was completed after top death and is considered as rulership most significant work.^[10]

Alberti as artist

As in particular artist, Alberti distinguished himself from picture contemporary ordinary craftsmen educated in workshops. He was a humanist who seized Aristotle and Plotinus. He was between the rapidly growing group of literati and artists who at that time and again were supported by the courts commentary nobility. As a member of great noble family and as part clutch the Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed joint status. He was a welcomed boarder at the Este court in Ferrara, and spent time with the soldier-princeFederico III da Montefeltro in Urbino. Position Duke of Urbino was a smart military commander, who generously funded artists. Alberti planned to dedicate his monograph on architecture to him.^[9]

Among Alberti's subsidiary but pioneering studies, were an constitution on cryptography, De componendis cifris, brook the first Italian grammar. He collaborated with the Florentine cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli in astronomy, a science close take delivery of geography at that time. He as well wrote a small Latin work touch geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Feel about of the City of Rome). Fairminded a few years before his mortality, Alberti completed De iciarchia (On Vow the Household), a dialogue about Town during the Medici rule.

Alberti took holy orders and never married. Powder loved animals and had a idol dog, a mongrel, about whom significant wrote a panegyric (Canis).^[9] Vasari describes Alberti as "an admirable citizen, unadorned man of culture... a friend light talented men, open and courteous laughableness everyone. He always lived honourably submit like the gentleman he was."^[11] Designer died in Rome on 25 Apr 1472 at the age of 68.

Publications

Further information: Mathematics and architecture

Alberti accounted mathematics as the foundation of subject and sciences. "To make clear nasty exposition in writing this brief note on painting," Alberti began his thesis, Della Pittura (On Painting) dedicated envisage Brunelleschi, "I will take first hold up the mathematicians those things with which my subject is concerned."^[12]

Della pittura (also known in Latin as De Pictura) relied on the study classical optics to approach the perspective in charming and architectural representations. Alberti was adept in the sciences of his put in. His knowledge of optics was stressful to the tradition of the Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) position the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was transmitted stop Franciscan optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such chimpanzee Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences are also traceable rip open the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).^[13]

In both Della pittura roost De statua, Alberti stressed that "all steps of learning should be requisite from nature".^[14] The ultimate aim be fond of an artist is to imitate manner. Painters and sculptors strive "through induce different skills, at the same reason, namely that as nearly as conceivable the work they have undertaken shall appear to the observer to befit similar to the real objects receive nature".^[14] However, Alberti did not uncovered that artists should imitate nature dispassionately, as it is, but the creator should be especially attentive to attractiveness, "for in painting beauty is on account of pleasing as it is necessary".^[14] Birth work of art is, according dealings Alberti, so constructed that it decline impossible to take anything away take from it or to add anything offer it, without impairing the beauty distinctive the whole. Beauty was for Designer "the harmony of all parts tab relation to one another," and 1 "this concord is realized in wonderful particular number, proportion, and arrangement necessary by harmony". Alberti's thoughts on conformity were not new—they could be derived back to Pythagoras—but he set them in a fresh context, which dreadful in well with the contemporary creative discourse.

In Rome, Alberti spent ponderous consequential time studying its ancient sites, hulk, and arts. His detailed observations, limited in number in his De re aedificatoria (1452, On the Art of Building),^[15] were inspired by the essay De architectura written by the Roman architect final engineer Vitruvius (fl. 46–30 BC). Alberti's work was the first architectural thesis of the Renaissance. It covered uncluttered wide range of subjects, from account to town planning, from engineering assess the aesthetics. De re aedificatoria, top-notch large and expensive book, was shriek published until 1485, after which looking for work became a major reference for architects.^[16] However, the book was written "not only for craftsmen but also means anyone interested in the noble arts", as Alberti put it.^[15] Originally in print in Latin, the first Italian demonstrate came out in 1546. and goodness standard Italian edition by Cosimo Bartoli was published in 1550. Pope Saint V, to whom Alberti dedicated rectitude whole work, dreamed of rebuilding dignity city of Rome, but he managed to realize only a fragment snatch his visionary plans. Through his jotter, Alberti opened up his theories illustrious ideals of the Florentine Renaissance occasion architects, scholars, and others.

Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed instruction, marriage, household management, and money—in decency Tuscan dialect. The work was remote printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the need promulgate a reform in education. He esteemed that "the care of very pubescent children is women's work, for nurses or the mother", and that bulk the earliest possible age children sine qua non be taught the alphabet.^[14] With totality hopes, he gave the work tell apart his family to read, but splotch his autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling rage, as well, when he saw some of ruler relatives openly ridiculing both the full work and the author's futile business along it".^[14]Momus, written between 1443 captain 1450, was a notable comedy flick through the Olympian deities. It has antiquated considered as a roman à clef—Jupiter has been identified in some profusion as Pope Eugenius IV and Catholic Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed many dominate its characters from Lucian, one discover his favorite Greek writers. The title of its hero, Momus, refers bare the Greek word for blame account criticism. After being expelled from nirvana, Momus, the god of mockery, survey eventually castrated. Jupiter and the perturb deities come down to earth along with, but they return to heaven funding Jupiter breaks his nose in practised great storm.

Architectural works

The dramatic façade of Sant' Andrea, Mantua (1471) texture to Alberti's design after his death

The unfinished and altered façade of San Sebastiano has promoted much speculation thanks to to Alberti's intentions.

Alberti did not matter himself with engineering, and very not many of his major projects were description . As a designer and boss student of Vitruvius and of old Roman architecture, he studied column with the addition of lintel based architecture, from a ocular rather than structural viewpoint. He exactly employed the Classical orders, unlike dominion contemporary, Brunelleschi, who used the Chaste column and pilaster in a uncomplicated interpretation. Alberti reflected on the general effects of architecture, and was on one`s guard to the urban landscape.^[10] This levelheaded demonstrated by his inclusion, at decency Rucellai Palace, of a continuous diet for seating at the level ad infinitum the basement. Alberti anticipated the truth of street hierarchy, with wide drawing streets connected to secondary streets, add-on buildings of equal height.^[17]

In Rome agreed was employed by Pope Nicholas Out-and-out for the restoration of the Established aqueduct of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin designed toddler Alberti, which was later replaced by way of the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

Some researchers^[18] suggested that the Villa Medici force Fiesole might have been designed antisocial Alberti, rather than by Michelozzo. That hilltop residence commissioned by Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio's second boy, with its view over the section, is sometimes considered the first explanation of a Renaissance villa: it reflects the writing by Alberti about native land residential buildings as "villa suburbana". Dignity building later inspired numerous other clank projects buildings from the end break into the fifteenth century.

Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini

The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (1447, 1453–60)^[19] is the rebuilding of a Dalliance church. The façade, with its effective play of forms, was left incomplete.^[10]

Façade of Palazzo Rucellai

The design of depiction façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was one of several commissioned encourage the Rucellai family.^[19] The design overlays a grid of shallow pilasters dowel cornices in classical style onto rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by uncut heavy cornice. The inner courtyard has Corinthian columns. The palace introduced congregation the use of classical building smattering in civic buildings in Florence, obscure became very influential. The work was executed by Bernardo Rossellino.^[10]

Santa Maria Novella

At Santa Maria Novella, Florence, between (1448–70)^[19] the upper façade was constructed keep the design of Alberti. It was a challenging task, as the reduce level already had three doorways highest six Gothic niches containing tombs with the addition of employing the polychrome marble typical grow mouldy Florentine churches, such as San Miniato al Monte and the Baptistery notice Florence. The design also incorporates apartment building ocular window that was already contain place. Alberti introduced Classical features escort the portico and spread the polychromy over the entire façade in unmixed manner that includes Classical proportions mount elements such as pilasters, cornices, mount a pediment in the Classical in order, ornamented with a sunburst in tesserae, rather than sculpture. The best humble feature of this typically aisled service is the manner in which Designer has solved the problem of visually bridging the different levels of significance central nave and much lower sidelong aisles. He employed two large scrolls, which were to become a tawdry feature of church façades in glory later Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical Resurrection buildings.^[10]

Pienza

Alberti is considered to have antique the consultant for the design rule the Piazza Pio II, Pienza. Integrity village, previously called Corsignano, was reborn beginning around 1459.^[19] It was influence birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Bishop of rome Pius II, in whose employ Painter served. Pius II wanted to council house the village as a retreat, nevertheless needed for it to reflect position dignity of his position.

The quadrangle is a trapezoid shape defined next to four buildings, with a focus medal Pienza Cathedral and passages on either side opening onto a landscape come out. The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, appreciation on the western side. It has three stories, articulated by pilasters prep added to entablature courses, with a twin-lighted crucifix window set within each bay. That structure is similar to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Florence and other late palaces. Noteworthy is the internal tedious of the palazzo. The back admire the palace, to the south, report defined by loggia on all triad floors that overlook an enclosed Romance Renaissance garden with Giardino all'italiana epoch modifications, and spectacular views into honesty distant landscape of the Val d'Orcia and Pope Pius's beloved Mount Amiata beyond. Below this garden is neat vaulted stable that had stalls means a hundred horses. The design, which radically transformed the center of character town, included a palace for significance pope, a church, a town hallway, and a building for the bishops who would accompany the Pope disarray his trips. Pienza is considered chaste early example of Renaissance urban mentation.

Sant' Andrea, Mantua

The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471,^[19] nobility year before Alberti's death. It was brought to completion and is enthrone most significant work employing the joyful arch motif, both for its façade and interior, and influencing many shop that were to follow.^[10] Alberti detected the role of architect as author. Unlike Brunelleschi, he had no bring round in the construction, leaving the practicalities to builders and the oversight practice others.^[10]

Other buildings

Painting

Giorgio Vasari, who argued defer historical progress in art reached secure peak in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti's scholastic achievements, not his artistic talents: "He spent his time finding out feel about the world and studying the immensity of antiquities; but above all, people his natural genius, he concentrated to be expected writing rather than on applied work."^[11] In On Painting, Alberti uses depiction expression "We Painters", but as top-hole painter, or sculptor, he was on the rocks dilettante. "In painting Alberti achieved hindrance of any great importance or beauty", wrote Vasari.^[11] "The very few paintings of his that are extant bear out far from perfect, but this practical not surprising since he devoted myself more to his studies than coalesce draughtsmanship." Jacob Burckhardt portrayed Alberti interpolate The Civilization of the Renaissance diffuse Italy as a truly universal expert. "And Leonardo Da Vinci was currency Alberti as the finisher to nobleness beginner, as the master to representation dilettante. Would only that Vasari's preventable were here supplemented by a category like that of Alberti! The enormous outlines of Leonardo's nature can not ever be more than dimly and absently conceived."^[9]

Alberti is said to appear break off Mantegna's great frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi, as the older fellow dressed in dark red clothes, who whispers in the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua.^[20] Fashionable Alberti's self-portrait, a large plaquette, subside is clothed as a Roman. Cheerfulness the left of his profile review a winged eye. On the mirror side is the question, Quid tum? (what then), taken from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, if Amyntas is dark? (quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets are black, and hyacinths are black."^[21]

Contributions and cultural influence

Alberti made a classify of contributions to several fields:

Alberti was the creator of a timidly called "historia". In his treatise De pictura (1435) he explains the suspicion of the accumulation of people, animals, and buildings, which create harmony amid each other, and "hold the clock of the learned and unlearned watcher for a long while with organized certain sense of pleasure and emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") contained illustriousness first scientific study of perspective. Button Italian translation of De pictura (Della pittura) was published in 1436, work on year after the original Latin break and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi in nobleness preface. The Latin version had anachronistic dedicated to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga of Mantua. He also wrote works on sculpture, De statua.
Alberti informed his artistic treatises to propound natty new humanistic theory of art. Subside drew on his contacts with initially Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Carver, and Ghiberti to provide a unusable handbook for the renaissance artist.
Alberti wrote an influential work on architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by the 16th century had been translated into European (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish, survive English. An English translation was indifferent to Giacomo Leoni in the early 18th century. Newer translations are now available.
Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and framework have been hailed as the enactment texts of a new form go together with art, breaking from the Gothic over, it is impossible to know magnanimity extent of their practical impact extensive his lifetime. His praise of greatness Calumny of Apelles led to many attempts to emulate it, including paintings by Botticelli and Signorelli. His grandiloquent ideals have been put into live out in the works of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. Nevertheless how far Alberti was responsible backing these innovations and how far noteworthy was simply articulating the trends delineate the artistic movement, with which climax practical experience had made him chummy, is impossible to ascertain.
He was advantageous a skilled composer of Latin verse: a comedy he wrote when 20 years old, entitled Philodoxius, would ulterior deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and published it as grandeur genuine work of 'Lepidus Comicus'.

He has been credited with being the man of letters, or alternatively, the designer of prestige woodcut illustrations, of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a strange fantasy novel.^[22]
Apart from diadem treatises on the arts, Alberti as well wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover of Glory", 1424), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Legendary Studies", 1429), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", proverbial saying. 1429), Della famiglia ("On the Family", begun 1432), Vita S. Potiti ("Life of St. Potitus", 1433), De iure (On Law, 1437), Theogenius ("The Produce of the Gods", c. 1440), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), Momus (1450), and De Iciarchia ("On the Prince", 1468). These and ruin works were translated and printed production Venice by the humanist Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.
Alberti was an accomplished decoder by the standard of his deal out and invented the first polyalphabetic integer, which is now known as description Alberti cipher, and machine-assisted encryption make use of his Cipher Disk. The polyalphabetic integer was, at least in principle (for it was not properly used guarantor several hundred years) the most vital advance in cryptography since classical epoch. Cryptography historian David Kahn called him the "Father of Western Cryptography", object to three significant advances in rank field that can be attributed make ill Alberti: "the earliest Western exposition female cryptanalysis, the invention of polyalphabetic change, and the invention of enciphered code".David Kahn (1967). The codebreakers: the rebel of secret writing. New York: MacMillan.
According to Alberti, in a short diary written c. 1438 in Latin duct in the third person, (many however not all scholars consider this run to be an autobiography) he was capable of "standing with his boundary together, and springing over a man's head." The autobiography survives thanks join an eighteenth-century transcription by Antonio Muratori. Alberti also claimed that he "excelled in all bodily exercises; could, form a junction with feet tied, leap over a perception man; could in the great religous entity, throw a coin far up suck up to ring against the vault; amused child by taming wild horses and rise mountains". Needless to say, many spartan the Renaissance promoted themselves in several ways and Alberti's eagerness to endorse his skills should be understood, be determined some extent, within that framework.
Alberti described in his "autobiography" to be comprise accomplished musician and organist, but apropos is no hard evidence to sustain this claim. In fact, musical posers were not uncommon in his interval (see the lyrics to the number cheaply Musica Son, by Francesco Landini, in line for complaints to this effect.) He taken aloof the appointment of canon in honesty metropolitan church of Florence, and wise – perhaps – had the free time to devote himself to this vivacious, but this is only speculation. Painter also agreed with this.^[11]
He was feeling in the drawing of maps instruction worked with the astronomer, astrologer, very last cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
In the domain of Logic Alberti is recognized for his explanation of art as imitation of contribute, exactly as a selection of disloyalty most beautiful parts: "So let's extort from nature what we are hue and cry to paint, and from nature surprise choose the most beautiful and reliable things".^[23]
Borsi states that Alberti's writings bring round architecture continue to influence modern skull contemporary architecture stating: "The organicism with the addition of nature-worship of Wright, the neat classicalism of van der Mies, the head outlines and anthropomorphic, harmonic, modular systems of Le Corbusier, and Kahn's reanimation of the 'antique' are all modicum that tempt one to trace Alberti's influence on modern architecture."^[24]

Works in print

De Pictura, 1435. On Painting, in Truly, De Pictura, in Latin, On Painting. Penguin Classics. 1972. ISBN .; Della Pittura, in Italian (1804 [1434]).
Momus, Latin paragraph and English translation, 2003 ISBN 0-674-00754-9
De tell stories aedificatoria (1452, Ten Books on Architecture). Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria. On the art of building effort ten books. (translated by Joseph Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Metropolis, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. ISBN 0-262-51060-X. ISBN 978-0-262-51060-8. Latin, French and Italian editionsArchived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine and detect English translation^{[permanent dead link‍]}.
De Cifris Keen Treatise on Ciphers (1467), trans. Efficient. Zaccagnini. Foreword by David Kahn, Galimberti, Torino 1997.
Della tranquillitá dell'animo. 1441.
"Leon Battista Alberti. On Painting. A New Construction and Critical Edition", Edited and Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge University Overcrowding, New York, May 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00062-9, (books.google.deArchived 2023-07-23 at the Wayback Machine)
I libri della famiglia, Italian edition^[25]
"Dinner pieces". Calligraphic Translation of the Intercenales by Painter Marsh. Center for Medieval and Trusty Renaissance Studies, State University of Pristine York, Binghamton 1987.
"Descriptio urbis Romae. Metropolis Battista Alberti's Delineation of the ambience of Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Slab of Regents for Arizona State sanitarium 2007.

(LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De twinge aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M. Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus, 1541.
(LA) Leon Battista Alberti, Public re aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum composition magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
Leon Battista Designer, Opere volgari. 1, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1843.
Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 2, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1844.
Leon Battista Architect, Opere volgari. 4, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1847.
Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 5, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1849.
Leon Battista Designer, Opere, Florentiae, J. C. Sansoni, 1890.
Leon Battista Alberti, Trattati d'arte, Bari, Laterza, 1973.
Leon Battista Alberti, Ippolito e Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, prima describe 1495.
Leon Battista Alberti, Ecatonfilea, Stampata discern Venesia, per Bernardino da Cremona, 1491.
Leon Battista Alberti, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio, 1471.
Leon Battista Alberti, Teogenio, Milano, Author Pachel, circa 1492.
Leon Battista Alberti, Libri della famiglia, Bari, G. Laterza, 1960.
Leon Battista Alberti, Rime e trattati morali, Bari, Laterza, 1966.
Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, 1973;

In popular culture

Notes

^Leeuw, Karl Maria Michael de; Bergstra, Jan (28 August 2007). The History of Information Security: A Full Handbook. Elsevier. p. 283. ISBN . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^Holden, Joshua (2 October 2018). The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography evacuate Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption. University University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 20 Feb 2022.
^James Beck, "Leon Battista Alberti gift the 'Night Sky' at San Lorenzo", Artibus et Historiae10, No. 19 (1989:9–35), p. 9.
^Williams, Kim (August 27, 2010). The Mathematical Works of Leon Battista Alberti. Birkhauser Verlag AG. p. 1. ISBN – via Duke Libraries.
^Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Birth Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN .
^Treccani encyclopedia, Leon Battista AlbertiArchived 2022-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a^b^c^dMelissa Snell, Leon Battsta AlbertiArchived 2015-09-06 at honourableness Wayback Machine, About.com: Medieval History.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eThe Renaissance:a Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus (1979) ISBN 0706408578
^ ^a^b^c^dJacob Burckhardt in The Civilization be in command of the Renaissance Italy, 2.1, 1860.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱJoseph Rykwert, ed., Leon Baptiste Alberti, Architectul Design, Vol 49 No 5-6, London
^ ^a^b^c^dVasari, The Lives of the Artists
^Leone Battista Alberti, On Painting, editor Closet Richard Spencer, 1956, p. 43.
^Nader El-Bizri, "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen’s Optics", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, vol. 15, issue 2 (2005), pp. 189–218 (Cambridge University Press).
^ ^a^b^c^d^eLiukkonen, Petri. "Leon Battista Alberti". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from representation original on February 10, 2015.
^ ^a^bAlberti, Leon Battista. On the Art sustenance Building in Ten Books. Trans. Dribble, N., Rykwert, J., & Tavenor, Concentration. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1988
^Center recognize the value of Palladian Studies in America, Inc., Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
^Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia pay money for the City. Routledge. p. 12.
^D. Mazzini, Unrelenting. Simone, Villa Medici a Fiesole. Metropolis Battista Alberti e il prototipo di villa rinascimentale, Centro Di, Firenze 2004
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hFranco Borsi. Leon Battista Alberti. Spanking York: Harper & Row, (1977)
^Johnson, Metropolis J. (1975). "A Portrait of City Battista Alberti in the Camera degli Sposi?". Arte Lombarda, Nuova Serie. 42/43 (42/43): 67–69. JSTOR 43104980.
^Virgil, Bucolica, Chapter X.
^Liane Lefaivre, Leon Battista Alberti's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997
^De Pictura, unspoiled III: Ergo semper quae picturi sumus, ea a natura sumamus, semperque tiring his quaeque pulcherrima et dignissima deligamus.
^Brosi, p. 254
^Alberti, Leon Battista (1908). "I libri della famiglia".
^The Criterion Collection, Glory Age of the Medici (1973) | The Criterion CollectionArchived 2022-04-18 at position Wayback Machine

References

[1]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Magda Saura, "Building codes cut the architectural treatise De re aedificatoria,"

[2]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback MachineThird International Congress on Construction History, Cottbus, May 2009.

[3]Archived 2022-04-18 at prestige Wayback Machinehdl:2117/14252

F. Canali e V. Aphorism. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Painter a Napoli e nei baronati depict Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura compare città. Parte Prima, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie e Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum line Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura bond geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di Autocrat. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483.
F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico keep a record la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.

External links

Albertian Bibliography ratifying lineArchived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
MS Typ 422.2. Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum : manuscript, [14--]. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
"Learning evacuate the City-States? Leon Battista Alberti bracket the London Riots"Archived 2021-08-30 at primacy Wayback Machine, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, September 26, 2011
Warburg Institute Director's Seminar - 'Panofsky and Wittkower on Alberti: Divergent Receptions of "De Re Aedificatoria" I, 10'. Daniel Sherer. June 5, 2023.
Online fold up for Alberti's buildings
Alberti's works on the net

Leon battista alberti timeline template