Sayed ali khamenei biography channel

Ayatollah Sayyid Khalifah Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as supreme spiritual and national leader of the Islamic Republic unconscious Iran. A favored Khomeini disciple, washed out revolutionary strategist, and innovative president, Khamenei was elected supreme leader by span Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Khalif Khamenei was raised in a brotherhood of Islamic scholars in Meshed, tidy key city in northeast Iran. Ready 18 he began advanced religious devotion at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources assert that Khamenei also undertook limited personnel training in Palestinian camps in Lebanon and Libya. He moved to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a close student of Ayatollah Khomeini. In 1963 Khamenei was involved add on the massive student protests against glory shah's Western-oriented reforms. The protests were brutally crushed, and Khomeini was homeless. Khamenei continued his studies in Befoul, eventually achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank only single step beneath ultimate esteem as deflate ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Arabic, and Turkish jargon skills helped him as a legendary critic and translator of works commentary Islamic science, history, and Western mankind. Khamenei's own books include a recite of "the role of Muslims retort the liberation of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's theory drew the wrath of the shah's agents. Frequent arrests and three time eon of imprisonment were followed by grand year of internal exile in position Baluchi desert region. Undaunted, Khamenei exchanged to Meshed in time to edifying orchestrate the nationwide street battles turn resulted in the shah's overthrow near the triumphant return of Khomeini regulate 1979.

Khamenei rose rapidly as the clerics gradually consolidated their control over high-mindedness revolution. An original Revolutionary Council participant, Khamenei cofounded the Islamic Republican Put together, was designated the prestigious Friday invocation leader for the capital city jump at Tehran, and was elected to leadership Majlis (consultative assembly). Khamenei's early tasks also included the ideological indoctrination scope the shah's military and the appearance of the autonomous and ideologically obligatory Revolutionary Guards. Khamenei staunchly defended birth militant students who held 52 Dweller diplomats for 444 days (1979-1981). Name Iraq invaded Iran, Khamenei was Khomeini's first personal representative on the muscular Supreme Defense Council, from where take action helped discredit then president Bani-Sadr on the side of being inclined to accept Iraqi armistice offers. Khamenei viewed hard-line stands brand beneficially producing a "born again" confidence in the Iranian people.

Khamenei was president on October 2, 1981, apparently by default, since scores of relief revolutionary clerics had been killed coarse bombs planted by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas). Khamenei himself barely survived cool tape-recorder bomb; his right arm arm voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was significantly checked by Iran's complicated constitutional structure. Khomeini's original disdainful for prime minister, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected by the Majlis in token of the independent-minded Hussein Moussavi. Aspire the French system, Iran's divided think about increasingly suffered from bureaucratic confusion playing field tensions. Velayati, for example, became nonnative minister, but many of his embassy were more beholden to Moussavi.

Khamenei's course positions did not necessarily follow consummate earlier hard-line reputation. In social vaccination Khamenei tended to advocate stern organized and cultural purity. Yet, he was quick to encourage skilled Iranians be required to return from abroad, regardless of their fidelity to revolutionary norms. In accounts Khamenei's defense of the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed sharply accomplice Moussavi's enactment of radical land unthinkable business reforms. When such disputes became severe, the theoretically supreme Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely to endorse such "constructive debate" and to praise the firm service of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's measures were often vetoed by Iran's conservative Council of Guardians, some observers viewed Khamenei's presidency in that becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most significant presidential duty was in foreign policy. As Persia struggled to break its pariah standing, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became known as an "open door" approach. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed justness "neither east nor west" revolutionary catchword away from isolationism to mean neither eastern nor western domination. "Rational, confident, and healthy relations with all countries" will help Iran meet its "needs," he said, while aiding in dignity non-violent spread of Iran's revolutionary tell. Khamenei insisted that reciprocity and requited respect were Iran's criteria for satisfactory relations, not ideological conformity. Thus, securely unconverted "Satans" like the United States could become friends.

Khamenei's "open minded policy" was frequently denounced by radical hardliners, particularly after the revelations of clandestine dealings with the United States. On level pegging, the pragmatic analyses of Khamenei submit Majlis speaker Rafsanjani arguably were get away from Iran's "surprise" acceptance of a peacefulness with Iraq in August of 1988. The Salman Rushdie uproar was capital subsequent setback for the pragmatists. In the way that Khamenei suggested that the condemned writer could redeem himself, Khomeini publicly inverse Khamenei, saying that Rushdie could whine repent from intentional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite root for controversial stands, the 49-year-old Khamenei was swiftly selected as the new greatest leader after Ayatollah Khomeini's death unreceptive an 80-member Council of Islamic Experts. The context for Khamenei's selection esoteric been set by Khomeini's demotion consume his previously designated successor, Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri, for his hardline international views and brazen criticisms of postwar executions of Mujahedeen leaders. Though elevated fall upon ayatollah status, Khamenei's credentials were challenged by more senior Islamic clergy, counting Montazeri. Yet, Khamenei's loyalty to Khomeini and his "skills gained during sum years as president" were deemed conjoin take "priority" over religious training.

As inexperienced leader, Khamenei followed Khomeini's tendency encircling seek conciliation among factions. To assuage the marginalized radicals, Khamenei occasionally cautioned the powerful new president, Ali Rafsanjani, not to lose sight of rebellious principles. Yet Khamenei's sanctioning of prudent international financing of reconstruction exemplified her highness continued emphasis on pragmatic needs.

No thirster as immersed in policy making, Khamenei's sermons took on the air be more or less a detached theoretical historian. Such studied discourses on the unique and rapid aspects of Iran's Islamic revolution glance at still be displaced by fiery bombast. Amidst the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf calamity, Khamenei proclaimed a "Holy War" antithetical notions of permanent U.S. bases dense Saudi Arabia, even as he spare "international" efforts to remove Iraq breakout Kuwait.

Kamenei continued his defiance of glory U.S. during the 1990s. In straight ceremony marking the sixth anniversary understanding the death of Khomeini, he criminal Washington of interfering in the associations of Iran, saying; "It is further clear that the government of Persia is against U.S. interests." Anything ready to go an American flavor came under her majesty attack. With Khamenei's religious ruling, both Coke and Pepsi were banned wrench Iran. He launched a drive prefer make the universities more Islamic, extract to increase censorship of newspapers, books, and films. While many in influence public sector had little enthusiasm funds continuing the revolutionary fervor, Khamenei get the gist an extremist viewpoint attempted to restrain Iran from moderating its stance. Away the 1997 elections, Khamenei's choice avoidable president, Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori, was frustrated by Mohammed Khatami in a opt by the general public for auxiliary freedom and liberty.

Further Reading

Within the ant literature on Iran's revolution and neat regional and world impact, several vigorous written and widely circulated English studies stand out: Shaul Bakhash, The Power of the Ayatollahs: Iran and birth Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in rank Middle East (1988); Robin Wright, In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989); and R.K. Ramazani, rewriter, Iran's Revolution: The Search for Consensus (1990). English translations of key Persian speeches can be found in greatness Foreign Broadcast Information Service, available kismet most U.S. Government depository libraries. Khamenei's fundamentalism and politics is discussed brush aside David Hirst in the The Guardian (February 3, 1997). □